New studies show how algae grows on ice and snow, creating “dark zones” that exacerbate melting in the consequential region.

A $20 million agency project will aid companies prospecting the sea for critical minerals.

© Tamir Kalifa for The New York Times

Over two decades after negotiations began, the High Seas Treaty is designed to protect biodiversity in international waters by enabling conservation zones.

© Jakub Gojda/Alamy

Last year was Earth’s third hottest globally, but temperature is just one measure of climate change’s influence.

© Philip Cheung for The New York Times

The idea of cows grazing in a pasture seems idyllic. We asked experts how their emissions stack up compared to factory farms.

© Photo by Ruth Fremson/The New York Times