Our very own sfewer-r7 has developed an exploit module for the SolarWinds Web Help Desk vulnerabilities CVE-2025-40536 and CVE-2025-40551. On successful exploitation the session will be as running as NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM. For more information see the Rapid7’s SolarWinds Web Help Desk Vulnerabilities guidance.
Contributions
A big thanks to our contributors who have been adding some great content this release. rudraditya21 has added MITRE ATT&CK metadata to lots of our existing modules. Chocapikk has added support for GHSA (GitHub Security Advisory) references support in Metasploit modules. rudraditya21 also added a change which adds negative caching to the LDAP entry cache, which will now mean missing objects are recorded. It also introduces a missing-entry sentinel, tracks misses per identifier type, and updates AD lookup helpers to short‑circuit on cached misses and record misses when a lookup returns no entry.
Description: This adds a new command-injection exploit in the FreeBDS rtsol/rtsold daemons (CVE-2025-14558). The vulnerability can be triggered by the Domain Name Search List (DNSSL) option in IPv6 Router Advertisement (RA) messages, which is passed to the resolvconf script without sanitization. It requires elevated privilege as it needs to send IPv6 packets. The injected commands are executed as root.
Ivanti Endpoint Manager Mobile (EPMM) unauthenticated RCE
Description: Adds an exploit module for the recent command injection vulnerability, CVE-2026-1281, affecting Ivanti Endpoint Manager Mobile (EPMM), formerly known as MobileIron. Exploited in-the-wild as a zero-day by an unknown threat actor.
GNU Inetutils Telnet Authentication Bypass Exploit CVE-2026-24061
Description: This adds an exploit module for the authentication bypass in GNU Inetutils telnetd tracked as CVE-2026-24061. During negotiation, if the USER environment variable is passed in with a value of "-f root" authentication can be bypassed resulting in command execution as the root user.
Description: This adds an exploit module for SolarWinds Web Help Desk vulnerable to CVE-2025-40536 and CVE-2025-40551. The exploit triggers session opening as NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM and root.
Description: This adds three RCE modules for Xerte Online Toolkits affecting versions 3.14.0 and <= 3.13.7. Two are unauthenticated while one is authenticated.
Enhancements and features (10)
#20710 from Chocapikk - Adds support for GHSA (GitHub Security Advisory) and OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities) references in Metasploit modules.
#20886 from cdelafuente-r7 - Updates services to now also have child services. This allows for more detailed reporting for the services and vulns commands which can now report parent -> child services e.g. SSL -> HTTPS.
#20895 from rudraditya21 - Adds negative caching to the LDAP entry cache so missing objects are recorded and subsequent lookups by DN, sAMAccountName, or SID return nil without re-querying the directory.
#20934 from rudraditya21 - This adds MITRE ATT&CK tags to modules related to LDAP and AD CS. This enables users to find this content using Metasploit's search functionality and the att&ck keyword.
#20935 from rudraditya21 - Adds the MITRE ATT&CK tag T1558.003 to the kerberoast modules. This enables users to find this content using Metasploit's search functionality and the att&ck keyword.
#20936 from rudraditya21 - This adds MITRE ATT&CK tags to SMB modules related to accounts. This enables users to find the content by using Metasploit's search capability and the att&ck keyword.
#20937 from rudraditya21 - This adds MITRE ATT&CK tags to the two existing SCCM modules that fetch NAA credentials using different techniques. This enables users to find this content using Metasploit's search functionality and the att&ck keyword.
#20941 from rudraditya21 - Adds a MITRE ATT&CK technique reference to the Windows password cracking module to support ATT&CK‑driven discovery.
#20942 from rudraditya21 - Adds MITRE ATT&CK technique references to getsystem, cve_2020_1472_zerologon, and atlassian_confluence_rce_cve_2023_22527 modules to support ATT&CK‑driven discovery.
#20943 from g0tmi1k - Adds affected versions the description in the exploits/unix/webapp/twiki_maketext module.
Bugs fixed (7)
#20599 from BenoitDePaoli - Fixes an issue where running services -p <ports> -u -R to set RHOSTS with values from the database could lead to a silently failing file not found error.
#20775 from rmtsixq - Fixes a database initialization failure when using msfdb init with the --connection-string option to connect to PostgreSQL 15+ instances (e.g., Docker containers).
#20817 from randomstr1ng - Adds a fix to ensure the output of sap_router_portscanner no longer causes module crashes.
#20903 from jheysel-r7 - Fixes an issue so #enum_user_directories no longer returns duplicate directories.
#20906 from rudraditya21 - Implements a fix for SSH command shells dying on cmd_exec when a trailing newline was present.
#20953 from zeroSteiner - Improves the stability of socket channeling support for SSH sessions opened via scanner/ssh/ssh_login.
#20955 from adfoster-r7 - Ensures the cleanup of temporarily created RHOST files when using the services -p <ports> -u -R command to set RHOST values from the database.
Documentation
You can find the latest Metasploit documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
Our very own Jack Heysel has added some documentation which outlines the Metasploit Framework project ideas for GSoC 2026. For anyone interested in applying please see GSoC-How-To-Apply documentation, or reach out on slack to any of the following GSoC mentors on Slack via the Metasploit Slack:
@jheysel
@zeroSteiner
@h00die
Gladinet
This week Chocapikk has added some Gladinet CentreStack/Triofox exploitation capabilities. Adding two auxiliary modules and updating an existing exploit. The updated exploit module now accepts a custom MACHINEKEY option to leverage newly discovered vulnerabilities that allow the extraction of machineKeys from Web.config files. The gladinet_storage_path_traversal_cve_2025_11371 module exploits path traversal to read arbitrary files and extract machineKeys, while gladinet_storage_access_ticket_forge forges access tickets using hardcoded cryptographic keys.
New module content (1)
Gladinet CentreStack/Triofox Access Ticket Forge
Authors: Huntress Team, Julien Voisin, and Valentin Lobstein chocapikk@leakix.net
Description: This adds two auxiliary modules for Gladinet CentreStack/Triofox. Both modules can read arbitrary files and extract the machineKey, which is used to secure ASP.NET ViewState data. Furthermore, this change also includes a new mixin for Gladinet.
Enhancements and features (3)
#20739 from cdelafuente-r7 - This adds MITRE ATT&CK metadata tags to modules relating to Kerberos and unconstrained delegation. This enables users to search for the content based on the ATT&CK technique ID.
#20882 from karanabe - Adds the RSAKeySize advanced option and uses it when generating the CSR key pair, allowing users to increase key size to meet certificate template minimums and avoid CERTSRV_E_KEY_LENGTH errors when 2048-bit keys are rejected.
#20883 from jheysel-r7 - Updates Kerberos modules to present a user friendly message when the user specifies the IMPERSONATE option when running a module but also forgets to specify IMPERSONATION_TYPE.
Bugs fixed (5)
#20368 from isaac-app-dev - Fixes an issue that caused msfvenom to break if it were run from alternative directories.
#20680 from cdelafuente-r7 - Improves the RPC API with multiple fixes and enhancements.
#20834 from kuklycs - This fixes the NoMethodError in the team_viewer post module, caused by misuse of the each_key method. The keys array has been updated to a 1-D array to simplify the logic.
#20916 from Chepycou - Fixes a crash when running the SAP modules sap_soap_rfc_system_info or sap_icf_public_info.
#20920 from rudraditya21 - This fixes a bug in password cracking modules where the auto action would crash even when the path to a compatible executable was specified in CRACKER_PATH.
Documentation added (1)
#20910 from jheysel-r7 - This adds documentation regarding the projects for which we are soliciting submissions for as part of the Google Summer of Code program.
You can always find more documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
This week brings 3 new pieces of module content for targeting FreePBX. All three chain multiple vulnerabilities together, starting with CVE-2025-66039. This initial vulnerability allows unauthenticated users to bypass the authentication process to interact with FreePBX. From this point, the different modules leverage either a SQL injection vulnerability (CVE-2025-61675) or a file upload vulnerability (CVE-2025-61678) to obtain remote code execution.
New module content (7)
FreePBX endpoint SQLi to RCE
Authors: Noah King and msutovsky-r7 Type: Exploit Pull request: #20857 contributed by msutovsky-r7 Path: unix/http/freepbx_custom_extension_rce AttackerKB reference: CVE-2025-61675
Description: This adds exploit module for FreePBX which chains an authentication bypass, CVE-2025-66039, with a SQLi, CVE-2025-61675, which allows for a cron job to be added to the cron_job table of the database to allow for Remote Code Execution.
FreePBX firmware file upload
Authors: Noah King and msutovsky-r7 Type: Exploit Pull request: #20858 contributed by msutovsky-r7 Path: unix/http/freepbx_firmware_file_upload AttackerKB reference: CVE-2025-61678
Description: This adds exploit module for FreePBX which chains an authentication bypass, CVE-2025-66039, with an unrestricted file upload (via firmware upload), CVE-2025-61678, which allows for a webshell to be uploaded to the webserver resulting in remote code execution.
FreePBX Custom Extension SQL Injection
Authors: Noah King and msutovsky-r7 Type: Auxiliary Pull request: #20846 contributed by msutovsky-r7 Path: gather/freepbx_custom_extension_injection AttackerKB reference: CVE-2025-61675
Description: This adds an exploit module for FreePBX which chains an authentication bypass, (CVE-2025-66039) with an SQLi (CVE-2025-61675) to create an admin user in the database.
Cacti Graph Template authenticated RCE versions prior to 1.2.29
Authors: Jack Heysel and chutchut Type: Exploit Pull request: #20799 contributed by jheysel-r7 Path: multi/http/cacti_graph_template_rce AttackerKB reference: CVE-2025-24367
Description: This adds an exploit for CVE-2025-24367 which is an unauthenticated RCE in Cacti.
Authors: Piotr Bazydlo, Sina Kheirkhah, and jheysel-r7 Type: Exploit Pull request: #20866 contributed by jheysel-r7 Path: multi/http/smartermail_guid_file_upload AttackerKB reference: CVE-2025-52691
Description: This adds a module for unauthenticated file upload in SmarterTools SmaterMail (CVE-2025-52691). The vulnerability allows an unauthenticated user to upload a file to any location on the system using path traversal using the guid variable. The module will either drop a webshell in the webroot directory (if the target is Windows) or create a cron job by dropping a file in /etc/cron.d (if the target is Linux).
Description: This adds a new persistence module for BurpSuite. The module adds a malicious extension to both the Pro and Community versions, which is triggered when the user starts BurpSuite.
Description: Combines the Windows and Linux ssh key persistence modules.
Enhancements and features (1)
#20778 from h00die - Combines the Windows and Linux ssh key persistence modules.
Bugs fixed (3)
#20897 from h00die - This fixes a bug that was preventing collected hash data from being formatted as input for the John the Ripper cracker. The result is that users can now once again crack passwords using John.
#20902 from rudraditya21 - This fixes a bug in the auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login module that would incorrectly state that a login failed when it in fact succeeded but the module was unable to open a session. This was only an issue when the CreateSession option is true.
#20909 from adfoster-r7 - Fixes a bug in Metasploit Pro that reported false positives for HTTP bruteforcing.
Documentation
You can find the latest Metasploit documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
This week, we are pleased to announce the addition of a module that exploits CVE-2025-61882, a pre-authentication remote code execution vulnerability in Oracle E-Business Suite versions 12.2.3 through 12.2.14. The exploit chains multiple flaws—including SSRF, path traversal, HTTP request smuggling, and XSLT injection—to coerce the target into fetching and executing a malicious XSL file hosted by the attacker. Successful exploitation results in arbitrary command execution and an interactive shell on both Linux/Unix and Windows targets. The module is reliable, repeatable, and we here at Metasploit hope you enjoy it, happy hacking!
New module content (3)
Authenticated RCE in Splunk (splunk_archiver app)
Authors: Alex Hordijk, Maksim Rogov, and psytester Type: Exploit Pull request: #20770 contributed by vognik Path: linux/http/splunk_auth_rce_cve_2024_36985 AttackerKB reference: CVE-2024-36985
Description: This adds two separate Metasploit exploit modules targeting Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerabilities in Splunk Enterprise. CVE-2024-36985 exploits unsafe use of the "copybuckets" lookup function within the splunk_archiver application, resulting in execution of the sudobash helper script with attacker-controlled arguments. Affected versions: All releases prior to 9.0.10, 9.1.2 through 9.1.5, 9.2.0 through 9.2.2 CVE-2022-43571, exploits a Python code injection vulnerability in Splunk SimpleXML dashboards by injecting malicious code into sparkline style parameters. Malicious code is executed when a user exports the dashboard to PDF. Affected versions: All releases prior to 8.1.12, 8.2.0 through 8.2.9, 9.0.0 through 9.0.2.
Oracle E-Business Suite CVE-2025-61882 RCE
Authors: Mathieu Dupas and watchTowr (Sonny, Sina Kheirkhah, Jake Knott) Type: Exploit Pull request: #20750 contributed by MatDupas Path: multi/http/oracle_ebs_cve_2025_61882_exploit_rce AttackerKB reference: CVE-2025-61882
Description: This adds an exploit for CVE-2025-61882, a critical Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in Oracle E-Business Suite (EBS). The flaw allows unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary code by leveraging a combination of SSRF, HTTP request smuggling and XSLT injection. Affected Versions: Oracle E-Business Suite, 12.2.3-12.2.14.
Authenticated RCE in Splunk (SimpleXML dashboard PDF generation)
Authors: Danylo Dmytriiev, Maksim Rogov, and psytester Type: Exploit Pull request: #20770 contributed by vognik Path: multi/http/splunk_auth_rce_cve_2022_43571 AttackerKB reference: CVE-2022-43571
Description: This adds two separate Metasploit exploit modules targeting Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerabilities in Splunk Enterprise. CVE-2024-36985 exploits unsafe use of the "copybuckets" lookup function within the splunk_archiver application, resulting in execution of the sudobash helper script with attacker-controlled arguments. Affected versions: All releases prior to 9.0.10, 9.1.2 through 9.1.5, 9.2.0 through 9.2.2 CVE-2022-43571, exploits a Python code injection vulnerability in Splunk SimpleXML dashboards by injecting malicious code into sparkline style parameters. Malicious code is executed when a user exports the dashboard to PDF. Affected versions: All releases prior to 8.1.12, 8.2.0 through 8.2.9, 9.0.0 through 9.0.2.
Enhancements and features (3)
#20755 from rudraditya21 - This adds an advanced datastore option, KrbClockSkew, to modules that use Kerberos authentication, allowing operators to adjust the Kerberos clock from the Metasploit side to fix clock skew errors.
#20840 from xaitax - This updates the MongoBleed auxiliary module and adds new options. The module can now use Wiz Magic Packet to detect the vulnerability quickly; it can detect compression libraries used by MongoDB (and warns or stops the user if zlib is not enabled). The module can also reuse the MongoDB socket connection during memory scanning, which significantly improves performance. Finally, it can better leak secrets, either by pattern matching or by storing the extracted information in raw or JSON format.
#20861 from bcoles - Adds multiple improvements to get_hostname resolution logic for post exploitation modules.
Bugs fixed (1)
#20888 from jheysel-r7 - Fixes an issue that caused dMSA kerberos authentication to fail.
Documentation
You can find the latest Metasploit documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
This week, we have received a lot of contributions from the community, such as h00die, Chocapikk and countless others, which is greatly appreciated. This week’s modules and improvements in Metasploit Framework range from new modules, such as dMSA Abuse (resulting in escalation of privilege in Windows Active Directory environments), authenticated and unauthenticated RCE modules, as well as many improvements and additions to the persistence modules and techniques.
New module content (13)
BadSuccessor: dMSA abuse to Escalate Privileges in Windows Active Directory
Authors: AngelBoy, Spencer McIntyre, and jheysel-r7
Description: This adds an exploit for "BadSuccessor" which is a vulnerability whereby a user with permissions to an Organizational Unit (OU) in Active Directory can create a Delegated Managed Service Account (dMSA) account in such a way that it can lead to the issuance of a Kerberos ticket for an arbitrary user.
Control Web Panel /admin/index.php Unauthenticated RCE
Description: This adds a new module for Control Web Panel (CVE-2025-67888). The vulnerability is unauthenticated OS command injection through an exposed API. The modules require Softaculous to be installed.
Prison Management System 1.0 Authenticated RCE via Unrestricted File Upload
Description: This adds a new module for Prison Management System 1.0 (CVE-2024-48594). The module requires admin credentials, which are subsequently used to exploit unrestricted file upload to upload a webshell.
Description: This adds a new module for n8n (CVE-2025-68613). The vulnerability is authenticated remote code execution in the workflow expression evaluation engine. The module requires credentials to create a malicious workflow that executes system commands via a JavaScript payload.
Description: Adds an exploit module for CVE-2025-32778, a command injection vulnerability in Web-Check's screenshot API endpoint which allows unauthenticated remote code execution by injecting shell commands via URL query parameters in the /api/screenshot endpoint.
Accessibility Features (Sticky Keys) Persistence via Debugger Registry Key
Description: Updated the Windows WMI to use a new way of managing persistence modules in Metasploit Framework. The Windows WMI module has been split into four modules, each representing their own technique.
Description: Updated the Windows WMI to use a new way of managing persistence modules in Metasploit Framework. The Windows WMI module has been split into four modules, each representing their own technique.
Description: Updated the Windows WMI to use a new way of managing persistence modules in Metasploit Framework. The Windows WMI module has been split into four modules, each representing their own technique.
Description: Updated the Windows WMI to use a new way of managing persistence modules in Metasploit Framework. The Windows WMI module has been split into four modules, each representing their own technique.
Description: Adds Linux ARM 32-bit / 64-bit Little Endian chmod payloads.
Enhancements and features (7)
#20706 from h00die - Updated the Windows WMI to use a new way of managing persistence modules in Metasploit Framework. The Windows WMI module has been split into four modules, each representing their own technique.
#20751 from h00die - This updates the Windows sticky keys post persistence module to use the new persistence mixin.
#20785 from Chocapikk - This adds Waku framework support to the existing react2shell module. Waku is a minimal React framework which differs slightly compared to Node.js. The module maintains backward compatibility with existing Next.js targets while adding Waku support through a modular framework configuration system.
#20786 from zeroSteiner - This updates the module code to merge the target Arch and Platform entries into the module's top level data. Prior to this change module developers had to define Arch and Platform entries twice, once at the module level and again per individual target. This updates over 500 modules and removes that duplication.
#20796 from h00die - This moves the udev persistence into the persistence category and adds the persistence mixin.
#20855 from h00die - Adds additional ATT&CK references to persistence modules.
Bugs fixed (2)
#20738 from Shubham0699 - This fixes an issue in the bailiwicked DNS modules that was causing the module to fail with a stack trace due to a programming error.
#20847 from dwelch-r7 - This updates the auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login module to remove stale documentation, remove unnecessary characters that were printed in the output and update the correct documentation with the new information about key usage.
Documentation added (1)
#20665 from basicallyabidoof - Adds documentation for the ipv6_neighbor_router_advertisement module.
You can always find more documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
This week brings more RISC-V payloads from community member bcoles. One provides a new adapter which allows RISC-V payloads to be converted to commands and delivered as a Metasploit fetch-payload. The second is a classic bind shell, offering the user interactive connectivity to the target host. Both of these go a long way in improving Metasploit’s support for RISC-V systems.
Annual Wrap Up
With a new year comes a new annual wrap up. Earlier this week, the Metasploit project posted the annual wrap up covering notable changes from 2025.
Description: This adds a new module for authenticated deserialization vulnerability in Taiga.io (CVE-2025-62368). The module sends malicious data to exposed API, which performs unsafe deserialization, leading to remote code execution.
Description: This adds a persistence module which leverages Python's startup mechanism, where some files can be automatically processed during the initialization of the Python interpreter. Someof those files are startup hooks (site-specific, dist-packages). If these files are present in site-specific or dist-packages directories, any lines beginning with import will be executed automatically. This creates a persistence mechanism if an attacker has established access to the target machine with sufficient permissions.
Description: This adds a new payload: a bind shell for Linux RISC-V targets.
Bugs fixed (2)
#20370 from msutovsky-r7 - Fixes an issue that occurred when negotiating the SMB version and the server uses an unknown dialect. Now, the login function will throw an exception and exit gracefully.
#20744 from ptrstr - This fixes a bug in unix/webapp/wp_reflexgallery_file_upload where the current year and month were being hardcoded in the request. This caused the server to reject the exploit if there was no folder in wp-content/uploads for that specific year and month. Now the year and month are configurable datastore options.
Documentation added (1)
#20831 from DataExplorerX - This adds link to issues in Metasploit Framework Github repository.
You can always find more documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
Hard to believe it's that time again, and that Metasploit Framework will see the dawn of another Annual Wrap-Up (and a New Year). All of the metrics and modules you see here would in large part not be possible without the dedicated community members who care about the Framework and its mission on all the days of the year. It is their hard work and dedication that makes it look like magic, and sometimes, it feels like it too. A heartfelt thank you to all of our researchers and contributors, you're what makes Metasploit Framework so resilient.
This year brought its share of notable vulnerabilities, substantial framework improvements, and continued evolution of the project. Whether you submitted a module, filed an issue, or helped triage a bug, your contributions have kept Metasploit relevant and powerful. So without further ado, let's dive into the highlights from 2025.
Persistence Overhaul
One of the year's significant infrastructure improvements came from community contributor h00die, who spearheaded a massive refactor of Metasploit's persistence modules. The project, tracked in issue #20374, involved reorganizing dozens of persistence modules from their scattered locations across the framework into a dedicated persistence directory under exploits. This wasn't just housekeeping—h00die created a standardized persistence mixin that brought consistency to how modules handle installation, cleanup, and option handling. The refactor touched over 30 modules spanning Linux, Windows, OSX, and multi-platform techniques, modernizing each one with proper check methods, MITRE ATT&CK references, and standardized options like WritableDir. The work also laid the groundwork for a persistence suggester module that can automatically recommend viable persistence techniques based on session characteristics.
The sheer scope of this effort can't be overstated. Breaking the work into manageable chunks, h00die systematically converted modules from the old post-exploitation style to proper exploit modules with the new persistence mixin, handling everything from cron jobs and SSH keys to Windows registry modifications and service installations. The standardization means that all persistence modules now share common behaviors, produce cleanup scripts in a consistent format, and integrate cleanly with the rest of the framework. It's the kind of unglamorous but essential work that improves the entire framework's usability and maintainability, and we're grateful to h00die for taking on such an ambitious project and seeing it through.
AD CS Vulnerable Certificate Template Detection and Exploitation Additions
This year, Metasploit expanded its Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) coverage by adding detection and exploitation support for certificate templates vulnerable to ESC9, ESC10, and ESC16. Checks for these misconfigured certificate templates were integrated into the existing ldap_esc_vulnerable_template module, allowing users to easily identify misconfigured templates during assessments.
To complement this detection capability, we introduced the new esc_update_ldap_object module, which enables reliable exploitation of these vulnerable templates to escalate privileges. ESC9, ESC10, and ESC16 share a common pattern: each requires control of a user account with write privileges over another user that is permitted to enroll in the vulnerable template. While exploiting these techniques with other tools typically involves multiple manual and error-prone steps, the new module streamlines the entire workflow. Users configure the required datastore options, run the module, and receive a certificate that can be used to escalate privileges within the domain.
As part of this effort, we also introduced the ldap_object_attribute module, which provides standard CRUD operations for manipulating LDAP objects in Active Directory. This module — along with existing functionality such as shadow_credentials and get_ticket — is used internally by esc_update_ldap_object to abstract away low-level LDAP interactions and simplify exploitation.
This work included comprehensive documentation covering the configuration of templates vulnerable to ESC9, ESC10, and ESC16, as well as detailed instructions for exploiting each technique using the new module.
Active Directory Improvements
Related to our AD CS improvements, came new low-level functionality for interacting with Active Directory (AD) Domain Controllers over LDAP. Over the past couple of years, Metasploit has seen multiple modules added that facilitate AD attack workflows including Shadow Credentials, RBCD, Unconstrained Delegation, etc. Like the AD CS attacks, many of these techniques are reliant on access control to some degree. Over the summer, Metasploit introduced new functionality to facilitate checking for these types of attacks. This new library provides Active Directory specific functionality, most notably, the ability to remotely evaluate security descriptors to determine whether a particular user or group has a specific access right. This has already been incorporated into the following modules to either enable or improve the existing detection capabilities.
auxiliary/admin/ldap/shadow_credentials
auxiliary/admin/ldap/rbcd
auxiliary/admin/ldap/ad_cs_cert_template
auxiliary/gather/ldap_esc_vulnerable_cert_finder
For module authors, the library provides a composable API for determining if an object grants a particular permission to an optional SID. The SID can be either a user or group, and when omitted is automatically set to the authenticating user, i.e. to check if the current connection has the permissions.
For example, check if the object grants the read and write property permissions with:
Beyond new features and modules, 2025 also saw substantial code quality improvements thanks to community contributor bcoles, who took on the often-thankless task of resolving RuboCop violations across the codebase. Throughout the year, bcoles systematically worked through older modules, cleaning up style inconsistencies, fixing syntax violations, and converting outdated property types to proper boolean values in auxiliary scanners and exploit modules. This kind of incremental maintenance work—fixing redundant parentheses here, resolving style violations there—doesn't make for flashy headlines, but it keeps the codebase maintainable and makes life easier for everyone working in the framework. Code quality matters, and we're grateful to bcoles for putting in the work to keep Metasploit's technical debt in check.
Payload Improvements
It may be a fun fact, or perhaps tribal knowledge that an “exploit” to Metasploit is a module that delivers a payload. All the great exploit content this year would be nothing without corresponding payloads to deliver and we make sure that those get plenty of our time as well. The following changes in particular are highly impactful and may have gone unnoticed while the flashier exploits received all the attention.
Windows Meterpreter Improvements
The biggest updates for the Windows Meterpreter revolve around two major improvements: the first is the upgrade to ReflectiveDLLInjection, made by Alex (xaitax) Hagenah, for which we express our gratitude for improving this area of the Metasploit Framework that requires a high level of attention to detail. This update introduces full, production-ready ARM64 support and a comprehensive architectural modernization of the whole library. These changes open the door to future support for a native ARM64 Meterpreter on Windows. Additionally, Metasploit split the standard API extension for Windows this year. This was actually the design used in the original Meterpreter implementation and we’ve reconsidered the monolithic approach. This improvement is one of the multiple steps we have in the pipeline to improve the evasion capabilities for our Windows Meterpreter. The standard API library now allows the user to load only specific subcomponents of the extension (for example, the component for network or file-system interaction), reducing the memory footprint for memory scanners. To leverage this new functionality, set AutoLoadStdapi to False, and then load one or more extensions manually, e.g. load stdapi_fs. To maintain backwards compatibility, a single stdapi extension is also still available and can be loaded with load stdapi.
Fetch Payload Improvements
The first milestone was the introduction of fileless execution for Linux fetch payloads, enabling payloads to run directly from memory using anonymous files. This advancement greatly enhances operational stealth by minimizing forensic traces and avoiding file-based detection, with careful attention to safe, opt-in behavior and collaborative code refinement. Following this, the FETCH_PIPE option streamlined payload deployment into a single, compact command. This improvement enhanced both usability and evasion, while also supporting larger, more complex command payloads (such as fileless execution) to be executed even with reduced command size. Additionally, fetch payload support has expanded to seven additional CPU architectures: aarch64, armbe, armle, mipsbe, mipsle, ppc, and ppc64le. This significantly broadens Metasploit's reach across embedded and legacy systems. Both features are thoroughly tested and future-proof, making the framework more versatile and powerful.
New Architectures Basic Support
This year, we have also updated the framework to support new basic payloads. We have introduced the exec payload for Windows ARM64 (provided by Alex (xaitax) Hagenah), reverse shell for RISC-V 32 and 64 bit, and Loongarch64 (both provided by bcoles).
COMING SOON
As much as we try, everything doesn’t always fit into one year. With that in mind, we wanted to highlight some upcoming features that we’re particularly excited to complete in the coming months.
Malleable C2
The malleable c2 will allow the user to specify with a .profile scribing how the HTTP requests between meterpreter and metasploit-framework should look like, allowing metasploit to hide the distinctive traffic generated by the session communication.
Direct Syscall in Metsrv
We have updated the Meterpreter core (metsrv) to remove common static signatures, such as specific strings and function imports, making it harder to detect.
PoolParty for 32-bit systems
Additional work to port the poolparty injection on native 32 bit system, Huge thanks to xHector1337 for taking over the research and extension of the code injection for the new architecture.
SCCM Modules
This year, Metasploit added two modules for targeting SCCM instances and recovering the Network Access Account credentials. These modules differ in how they perform the authentication. The first, auxiliary/admin/sccm/get_naa_credentials accepts credentials from the operator and will use them to authenticate and run the attack on demand. This pairs nicely with the auxiliary/admin/dcerpc/samr_account module when the operator can create a new machine account. However, when that’s not an option, Metasploit still has you covered with the auxiliary/server/relay/relay_get_naa_credentials variant that enables relaying NTLM authentication from an SMB server. These attack workflows were demonstrated at Black Hat and DEF CON over the summer and we anticipate they’ll remain useful in the future.
Module Highlights
CVE-2025-9316, CVE-2025-11700 N-able N-Central XXE – N-able N-Central is a popular Remote Monitoring and Management (RMM) platform. These two vulnerabilities, when combined, enable Metasploit to read local files without authenticating. This can be used to obtain a number of sensitive backup files from the application itself, or anything else on the host system. XXE attacks are a less common vulnerability, at least in Metasploit-land but this is a fantastic example of how impactful they can be.
CVE-2025-22457 Ivanti Connect Secure Unauthenticated RCE – Ivanti RCEs are always valuable and this module shows that memory corruption lives on in 2025. Not only is this exploit unauthenticated and reliable, it is a great example of how ROP chains can be used.
CVE-2024-55555 Invoice Ninja RCE – This particular module leverages a PHP deserialization vulnerability within the application. While this vulnerability requires knowledge of the APP_KEY, successful exploitation could have significant financial implications. As an added bonus, this module came with a new library adding support for Laravel Framework-specific cryptography methods.
CVE-2024-55556 InvoiceShelf RCE – Everyone loves a good pairing, and this module continues h00die-gr3y’s work on invoicing software, showing that they’re useful for receiving more than just payments.
LDAP Password Disclosure – This module has been around for a while, but received some new features in 2025 for targeting Active Directory Domain Controllers. The first added support for LAPSv1 and v2, enabling the module to recover the local admin account on systems. Later in the year, a second improvement added support for gMSA accounts. This module also pairs nicely with the new SMB to LDAP NTLM Relay module we added this year as well.
This year, Metasploit significantly leveled up its relaying capabilities, transforming the framework’s only SMB to SMB relay capability into a powerful engine for lateral movement. Traditionally, SMB relaying was often the domain of standalone external tools, but through the dedicated work of the Metasploit team, these workflows are now seamlessly integrated into the framework
A huge thank you from the entire Metasploit team to all 66 contributors in 2025. Your contributions and ideas are what continue to improve this tool every year. Notably, 41 of these were first-time contributors who added new code.
Last week Metasploit released an exploit for the React2Shell vulnerability, and this week we have made a couple of improvements to the payloads that it uses. The first improvement affects all Metasploit modules. When an exploit is used, an initial payload is selected using some basic logic that effectively would make a selection from the first available in alphabetical order. Now Metasploit will prefer a default of x86 Meterpreters for Windows systems (since 32-bit payloads work on both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows) and x64 Meterpreters for all other platforms including Linux. In the context of React2Shell, this means the payload now defaults to x64 for Linux instead of AARCH64.
Another improvement that only affects this exploit was the change of the default payload to one leveraging Node.js which is more likely to be present than the wget binary that was required. These defaults should hopefully help users get started with this high-impact exploit with more ease, but of course any compatible payload can still be selected.
Stay tuned for the Metasploit annual wrap-up and roadmap announcement coming up!
New module content (2)
N-able N-Central Authentication Bypass and XXE Scanner
Description: This adds an auxiliary module that exploits two CVEs affecting N-able N-Central. CVE-2025-9316, an Unauthenticated Session Bypass and CVE-2025-11700 a XXE (XML External Entity) vulnerability. The module combines both vulnerabilities to achieve unauthenticated file read on affected N-Central instances (versions < 2025.4.0.9).
Description: This adds an exploit module for a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability (CVE-2025-66294) in Grav CMS, versions prior to 1.8.0-beta.27 , that allows bypassing the Twig sandbox to achieve remote code execution. To inject the malicious payload into a form's process section, this module leverages CVE-2025-66301, a broken access control flaw in the /admin/pages/{page_name} endpoint.
Enhancements and features (2)
#20424 from cdelafuente-r7 - Updates how vulnerabilities and services are reported by adding a resource field to both models. It also add a parents field to make layered services possible. An optional resource field can now be provided and the existing service field has been updated to also accept an option hash.
#20771 from zeroSteiner - Updates Metasploit's default payload selection logic to preference x86 payloads over AARCH64 payloads.
#20773 from jheysel-r7 - This updates the exploit for React2Shell with a better default payload.
Documentation
You can find the latest Metasploit documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
As you may have heard, on December 3, 2025, the React team announced a critical Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in servers using the React Server Components (RSC) Flight protocol. The vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2025-55182, carries a CVSS score of 10.0 and is informally known as "React2Shell". It allows attackers to achieve prototype pollution during deserialization of RSC payloads by sending specially crafted multipart requests with "proto", "constructor", or "prototype" as module names. We're happy to announce that community contributor vognik submitted an exploit module for React2Shell which landed earlier this week and is included in this week's release.
MSSQL Improvements
Over the past couple of weeks Metasploit has made a couple of key improvements to the framework’s MSSQL attack capabilities. The first (PR 20637) is a new NTLM relay module, auxiliary/server/relay/smb_to_mssql, which enables users to start a malicious SMB server that will relay authentication attempts to one or more target MSSQL servers. When successful, the Metasploit operator will have an interactive session to the MSSQL server that can be used to run interactive queries, or MSSQL auxiliary modules.
Building on this work, it became clear that users would need to interact with MSSQL servers that required encryption as many do in hardened environments. To achieve that objective, issue 18745 was closed by updating Metasploits MSSQL protocol library to offer better encryption support. Now, Metasploit users can open interactive sessions to servers that offer and even require encrypted connections. This functionality is available automatically in the auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_login and new auxiliary/server/relay/smb_to_mssql modules.
Description: This adds a new exploit module for CVE-2025-54236 (SessionReaper), a critical vulnerability in Magento/Adobe Commerce that allows unauthenticated remote code execution. The vulnerability stems from improper handling of nested deserialization in the payment method context, combined with an unauthenticated file upload endpoint.
Unauthenticated RCE in React and Next.js
Authors: Lachlan Davidson, Maksim Rogov, and maple3142
Description: This adds an exploit module for CVE-2025-8489, an unauthenticated privilege escalation vulnerability in the WordPress King Addons for Elementor plugin (versions 24.12.92 to 51.1.14). The vulnerability allows unauthenticated attackers to create administrator accounts by specifying the user_role parameter during registration, enabling remote code execution through plugin upload.
Description: This extends our payloads support to a new architecture, LoongArch64. The first payload introduced for this new architecture is the reboot payload, which will cause the target system to restart once triggered.
Enhanced Modules (2)
Modules which have either been enhanced, or renamed:
#20747 from vognik - This adds an exploit for CVE-2025-55182 which is an unauthenticated RCE in React. This vulnerability has been referred to as React2Shell.
Enhancements and features (1)
#20704 from dwelch-r7 - The module auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login_pubkey has been removed. Its functionality has been moved into auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login.
Documentation
You can find the latest Metasploit documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
Twonky Auth Bypass, RCEs and RISC-V Reverse Shell Payloads
This was another fantastic week in terms of PR contribution to the Metasploit Framework. Rapid7’s very own Ryan Emmons recently disclosed CVE-2025-13315 and CVE-2025-13316 which exist in Twonky Server and allow decrypting admin credentials by reading logs without authentication (which contain them). The auxiliary module Ryan submitted which exploits both of these CVEs was released this week. Community contributor Valentin Lobsein aka Chocapikk has returned to the PR queue with a welcomed vengeance. Two modules from Chocapikk were landed this week, a Monsta FTP downloadFile Remote Code Execution module along with a WordPress AI Engine Plugin MCP Unauthenticated Admin Creation to RCE. In addition to some awesome module content, community contributor bcoles added Linux RISC-V 32-bit/64-bit TCP reverse shell payloads.
Description: This module exploits two CVEs: CVE-2025-13315 and CVE-2025-13316. Both CVEs exist in Twonky Server and allow decrypting admin credentials by reading logs without authentication (which contain them). Then, because the module uses hardcoded keys, it decrypts those credentials.
Monsta FTP downloadFile Remote Code Execution
Authors: Valentin Lobstein chocapikk@leakix.net, msutovsky-r7, and watchTowr Labs
Description: This add module for CVE-2025-34299. The module exploits a vulnerability in the downloadFile action which allows an attacker to connect to a malicious FTP server and download arbitrary files to arbitrary locations on the Monsta FTP server.
WordPress AI Engine Plugin MCP Unauthenticated Admin Creation to RCE
Description: This adds a new exploit module for an unauthenticated vulnerability in the WordPress AI Engine plugin, which has over 100,000 active installations. The vulnerability allows an attacker to create an administrator account via the MCP (Model Context Protocol) endpoint without authentication, then upload and execute a malicious plugin to achieve remote code execution. The vulnerability is being tracked as CVE-2025-11749.
Description: This adds Linux RISC-V 32-bit/64-bit TCP reverse shell payloads.
Enhancements and features (3)
#20658 from jheysel-r7 - This adds a number of accuracy enhancements to the ldap_esc_vulnerable_cert_finder module. It also adds a CertificateAuthorityRhost datastore option to the esc_update_ldap_object module so the operator can specify an IP Address explicitly in cases where the hostname cannot be resolved via DNS.
#20677 from zeroSteiner - This enables sessions to MSSQL servers that require encryption. These changes add a new MsTds::Channel which leverages Rex's socket abstraction to facilitate the necessary encapsulation for the TLS negotiation.
#20741 from SaiSakthidar - This removes CAIN as an output format for collected hashes.
Documentation
You can find the latest Metasploit documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
This week, we have added 10 new modules to Metasploit Framework including an SMB to MSSQL relay module, a remote code execution module targeting Fortinet software, additional 32-bit and 64-bit RISC-V payloads, and more.
The SMB to MSSQL NTLM relay module allows users to open MSSQL sessions and run arbitrary queries against a target upon success. This module supports running an SMB server which validates credentials, and then attempts to execute a relay attack against an MSSQL server. This allows for more attack paths, credential gathering, as well as unlocking additional lateral movement and data exfiltration capabilities.
Description: Adds a new NTLM relay module for relaying from SMB to MSSQL servers. On success, an MSSQL session will be opened to allow the user to run arbitrary queries and some modules.
Fortinet FortiWeb unauthenticated RCE
Authors: Defused and sfewer-r7 Type: Exploit Pull request: #20717 contributed by sfewer-r7 Path: linux/http/fortinet_fortiweb_rce AttackerKB reference: CVE-2025-58034
Description: Adds a new module chaining FortiWeb vulnerabilities CVE-20205-64446 and CVE-2025-58034 to gain unauthenticated code execution on a FortiWeb server.
IGEL OS Privilege Escalation (via systemd service)
Description: Adds 3 new modules targeting the iGEL OS. One post module abusing the SUID permissions of the setup and date binaries, one privilege escalation abusing the same SUID binary permissions to modify the NetworkManager and restart the service, allowing arbitrary executables to be run as root, and one persistence module relying on root permissions to write a command to the iGEL registry to enable execution at startup as root.
Description: Adds 3 new modules targeting the iGEL OS. One post module abusing the SUID permissions of the setup and date binaries, one privilege escalation abusing the same SUID binary permissions to modify the NetworkManager and restart the service, allowing arbitrary executables to be run as root, and one persistence module relying on root permissions to write a command to the iGEL registry to enable execution at startup as root.
Flowise Custom MCP Remote Code Execution
Authors: Assaf Levkovich and Valentin Lobstein chocapikk@leakix.net Type: Exploit Pull request: #20705 contributed by Chocapikk Path: multi/http/flowise_custommcp_rce AttackerKB reference: CVE-2025-8943
Description: This adds two modules for two vulnerabilities in Flowise (CVE-2025-59528, CVE-2025-8943). The modules add an option to use Flowise credentials for authentication when the application requires it, enabling exploitation of vulnerabilities.
Flowise JS Injection RCE
Authors: Kim SooHyun (im-soohyun), Valentin Lobstein chocapikk@leakix.net, and nltt0 Type: Exploit Pull request: #20705 contributed by Chocapikk Path: multi/http/flowise_js_rce AttackerKB reference: CVE-2025-59528
Description: This adds two modules for two vulnerabilities in Flowise (CVE-2025-59528, CVE-2025-8943). The modules add an option to use Flowise credentials for authentication when the application requires it, enabling exploitation of vulnerabilities.
Description: Adds a persistence module for Notepad++ by adding a malicious plugin to Notepad++, as it blindly loads and executes DLLs from its plugin directory on startup.
Description: Adds Linux RISC-V 32-bit / 64-bit Little Endian chmod payloads.
IGEL OS Dump File
Author: Zack Didcott Type: Post Pull request: #20702 contributed by Zedeldi Path: linux/gather/igel_dump_file
Description: Adds 3 new modules targeting the iGEL OS. One post module abusing the SUID permissions of the setup and date binaries, one privilege escalation abusing the same SUID binary permissions to modify the NetworkManager and restart the service, allowing arbitrary executables to be run as root, and one persistence module relying on root permissions to write a command to the iGEL registry to enable execution at startup as root.
Bugs fixed (3)
#20482 from rodolphopivetta - This fixes a bug in HTTP-based login scanners, when SSL is enabled and a non-default HTTPS port is used.
#20693 from dledda-r7 - This fixes race condition in preloading extension klasses during bootstrap.
#20721 from cpomfret-r7 - Fixes a crash when running a Nexpose scan that had a Nexpose Scan Assistant credential present.
Documentation
You can find the latest Metasploit documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
A critical vulnerability in Fortinet’s FortiWeb Web Application Firewall, now assigned CVE-2025-64446 (CVSS 9.1), allows unauthenticated attackers to gain full administrator access to the FortiWeb Manager interface and its websocket CLI. The flaw became publicly known on October 6, 2025, after Defused shared a proof-of-concept exploit captured by their honeypots. Metasploit now has support for an auxiliary module admin/http/fortinet_fortiweb_create_admin which can be used to create a new administrative user, and an upcoming exploit module targeting Fortinet FortiWeb that exploits CVE-2025-64446 and CVE-2025-58034 for an authenticated command injection that allows for root OS command execution. For more details see Rapid7’s analysis on CVE-2025-64446
New module content (3)
Fortinet FortiWeb create new local admin
Authors: Defused and sfewer-r7
Type: Auxiliary Pull request: #20698 contributed by sfewer-r7
Description: Adds a module for the recent FortiWeb 8.0.1 authentication bypass vulnerability allowing an attacker to create a new administrative user. The exploit is based on the PoC published by Defused.
Type: Exploit Pull request: #20638 contributed by h00die
Path: windows/persistence/service
Description: Updates the Windows service persistence to use the new mixin, adds the ability to run as either Powershell or sc.exe, and uses more libraries.
Description: Adds a new Windows persistence module - the WSL registry module. The module will create registry entries (Run, RunOnce) to run a Linux payload stored in WSL.
Enhancements and features (5)
#20560 from cdelafuente-r7 - Adds references to MITRE ATT&CK technique T1021 "Remote Services" and its sub-techniques.
#20638 from h00die - Updates the windows service persistence to use the new mixin, adds the ability to run as either Powershell or sc.exe, and uses more libraries.
#20689 from zeroSteiner - Add tests for socket channels in Meterpreter and SSH sessions.
#20699 from sfewer-r7 - Adds the CVE number and further guidance on vulnerable versions for the vulnerability.
#20707 from bcoles - Updates multiple Linux reboot payloads to note that CAP_SYS_BOOT privileges are required.
Bugs fixed (2)
#20687 from dwelch-r7 - This updates the auxiliary/scanner/winrm/winrm_login module to catch access denied errors when trying to create a shell session. This is then used to inform the operator that the target account's password is correct but they do not have permissions to start a shell with WinRM.
#20695 from zeroSteiner - Updates the Java and PHP Meterpreter to send the local address and local port information back to Metasploit when opening TCP or UDP sockets on the remote host.
#20708 from cdelafuente-r7 - Fixes a bug with msfdb when attempting to execute the program with bundle exec.
#20711 from bcoles - Fixes description for AppendExit datastore option.
Documentation added (1)
#20694 from cgranleese-r7 - Adds new documentation on Metasploit's post module support. Additionally adds documentation for the new create_process API that supersedes the legacy cmd_exec API.
You can always find more documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
Missing rn-* label on Github (4)
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
This week’s release features the much-hyped CVE-2025-59287, a Critical-Severity Windows Server Update Service (WSUS) vulnerability that allows for SYSTEM level remote code execution. Documented among the multiple recent zero-days in Windows, the vulnerability affects Windows Servers running the WSUS service, which is not enabled by default. Several vendors, including Huntress and Eye Security have reported seeing the exploit used in the wild, and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) ordered US government agencies to patch affected machines last month.
New module content (1)
Windows Server Update Service Deserialization Remote Code Execution
Description: Adds a module targeting CVE-2025-59287, an unauthenticated deserialization vulnerability in the Windows Server Update Service (WSUS) resulting in remote code execution as SYSTEM
Enhancements and features (3)
#20576 from msutovsky-r7 - This updates the LINQPad persistence module to use the new persistence mixin.
#20669 from stfnw - This updates the auxiliary/scanner/http/azure_ad_login module to print the domain and username in error messages. This enables users to understand what user caused the error.
#20690 from dbono-r7 - This adds the cert pipe to the list of known pipes that will be checked by the auxiliary/scanner/smb/pipe_auditor module. This effectively enables users to identify when the MS-ICPR interface is available because Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) is in use.
Documentation (1)
You can find the latest Metasploit documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
#20625 from h00die - Improved multiple modules’ documentation to have consistent formatting.
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
Description: This adds a new persistence module for Windows - the task scheduler module. The module will create scheduled tasks depending on the ScheduleType option.
Enhancements and features (2)
#20523 from h00die - This updates the upstart persistence to use the new persistence mixin.
#20643 from bcoles - Expands diamorphine privilege escalation module to other rootkits, which use signal handling for privilege escalation.
Bugs fixed (1)
#20673 from adfoster-r7 - Temporarily pins date dependency to 3.4.1 due to possible issues associated with 3.5.0 to allow for further testing.
Documentation
You can find the latest Metasploit documentation on our docsite at docs.metasploit.com.
Get it
As always, you can update to the latest Metasploit Framework with msfupdate and you can get more details on the changes since the last blog post from GitHub:
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